2010年自考英語（二）復習筆記（2）

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　　重點語法知識講解

　　1.動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

　　動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)一覽表

時態(tài) 語態(tài)	一般現(xiàn)在時	一般過去時	一般將來時
主動被動	do are done	did were done	will do will be done
	現(xiàn)在進行時	過去進行時	將來進行時
主動被動	are doing are being done	were doing were being done	will be doing
	現(xiàn)在完成時	過去完成時	將來完成時
主動被動	have done have been done	had done had been done	will have done will have been done
	現(xiàn)在完成進行時
主動被動	have been doing

　　1.1 現(xiàn)在完成時

　　發(fā)生在過去的動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或對現(xiàn)在仍有影響。

　　現(xiàn)在完成時的標志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades

　　1.2 過去完成時

　　過去的過去。

　　1)said， reported， thought 等引導的間接引語中。

　　He missed the train.

　　He said he had missed the train.

　　2)hardly…when， no sooner… than句型中表示先發(fā)生的動作

　　No sooner had he got up than he received the call.

　　3)與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣中

　　If I had tried harder， I would have won.

　　I wish I had done better in the exam.

　　1.3 完成進行時

　　從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，沒有間斷。漢語提示語：一直

　　The water has been running the whole night.

　　1.4 過去時

　　過去某一具體時間發(fā)生的事，不考慮與現(xiàn)在的關系。

　　過去時的標志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。

　　2.非謂語動詞

　　2.1 非謂語動詞一覽表

非謂語動詞	形式	意義
現(xiàn)在分詞
一般式	doing	主動 , 正在進行
被動式	being done	被動 , 正在進行
完成主動式	having done	主動 , 已經(jīng)完成
完成被動式	having been done	被動 , 已經(jīng)完成
過去分詞	done	被動 , 已經(jīng)完成
動詞不定式
一般式	to do	主動 , 將要進行
被動式	to be done	被動 , 將要進行
完成主動式	to have done	主動 , 已經(jīng)完成
進行主動式	to be doing	主動 , 正在進行

　　2.2. 非謂語動詞作狀語

　　動詞不定式：1)目的狀語;2)結果狀語

　　I came here to meet you. (目的)

　　He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. (結果)

　　分詞：1) 伴隨狀語;2)原因狀語;3)條件狀語 4)讓步狀語;5)時間狀語

　　Walking along the street， he met his old friend. (時間)

　　Being very tired， my father didn’t go out with us. (原因)

　　Made by hand， the silk shirt is very expensive. (原因)

　　Seen from the space， the earth looks like a blue ball. (條件)

　　2.3 非謂語動詞，狀語從句和獨立結構

　　1) Having done their homework， the children began to play. (分詞作狀語)

　　2) After having done their homework， the children began to play. (連詞+分詞)

　　3) After they had done their homework， the children began to play. (狀語從句)

　　4) With homework done， the children began to play. (獨立結構)

　　2.4 非謂語動詞作定語

　　1) If there is no choice， there is no decision ___ (make)。 (to be made)

　　2) Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)

　　3) The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed)

　　4) The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built)

　　2.5 動名詞和動詞不定式轉自環(huán) 球網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com

　　作主語和表語

　　動名詞作主語/表語表示一般、抽象的情況;動詞不定時作主語表示具體某次的情況。

　　Rising early is good for health.

　　To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.

　　It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.

　　My biggest wish is to go abroad.

　　Seeing is believing.

　　作賓語

　　接動名詞作賓語的動詞：

　　admit， acknowledge， avoid， appreciate， consider， delay， enjoy， escape， excuse， forgive， finish， include， involve， mind， put off， postpone， suggest， feel like， look forward to， be used to， be accustomed to， etc.

　　接動詞不定式作賓語的動詞：

　　want， tend， intend， pretend， hope， plan， expect， be supposed to， seem， be likely to， used to， be willing to， desire， force， prefer， start， begin

　　接動名詞和動詞不定式有不同含義的動詞：

　　1) forget， remember， regret

　　2) stop， continue轉自環(huán) 球網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com

　　3) need/ want

　　4) allow doing/ allow sb to do

　　(1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time?

　　Sorry， I forgot to lock the door.

　　(2) I can’t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand?

　　(3) The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.

　　(4) We don’t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here.