Key words and phrases

1. warning: n 警告，warn : v 警告，warn sb not to do sth; give sb a warning

2. shift: v/n 替換，轉(zhuǎn)移，改變，轉(zhuǎn)變，輪班

1). There has been a shift in fashion from formal to more informal dress.

2). The wind shifted from east to north.

3). She works the day shift and her husband works the night shift.

3. speculate: v 思索、推測(cè)，speculate on/upon/about sth, speculation: n, speculator: n

4. datum: n 資料、數(shù)據(jù)，復(fù)數(shù)形式：data; 又如：bacterium: 細(xì)菌，bacteria;
medium, media.

5. reliability: n 可靠性，reliable: a 可靠的， unreliable: a 不可靠的

6. partial: a 偏袒的，部分的，be partial to sb.

7. up-to-date: a 最新的，out of date: 過(guò)時(shí)的，to date: 至今

1). Will long dress go out of date next year?
2). To date, we have not received any replies from him.
3). She always wears clothes that are right up to date.

8. analyze: v 分析，analysis: n， 復(fù)數(shù)形式：analyses.

9. work on:從事。。。； 對(duì)。。。有影響

1). The scientist has been working on environmental protection for many years.
2). The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.

10. set sth up:設(shè)立、建立、提出

1). A statue was set up in the center of the city.
2). Many countries agreed to set up an international organization to keep peace.
3). Einstein set up many important theories.
 
Analyze the difficult sentences:

1. Scientists are working on program to predict where and when an earthquake will occur. (P1)

翻譯：科學(xué)家們正致力于研究預(yù)報(bào)地震何時(shí)何地發(fā)生的計(jì)劃。

分析：Scientists are working on program是句子的主體部分，to predict where and when an earthquake will occur是動(dòng)詞不定式做定語(yǔ)，修飾program. 其中，where and when an earthquake will occur是動(dòng)詞predict的賓語(yǔ)從句，注意疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)序。詞組：work on:從事。。。，對(duì)。。。有影響，如：

The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.

2. They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that living can be saved. (P1)

翻譯：他們希望研究出一種早期警報(bào)系統(tǒng)，用來(lái)預(yù)報(bào)地震，以挽救人們的生命。

分析：該句中that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾an early warning system，另外，so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。注意，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在這句話中的用法。

3. Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska. (P2)

翻譯：有記載的兩次最大的地震發(fā)生在中國(guó)和阿拉斯加。

分析：主語(yǔ)Two of the biggest earthquakes，謂語(yǔ)took place。該句考點(diǎn)，形容詞最高級(jí)，the biggest; that were ever recorded是定語(yǔ)從句；were recorded表示“被記錄”；詞組：take place發(fā)生、舉行，請(qǐng)注意：該詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：

Great changes have taken place in Beijing in recent years.

4. The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, ….. (P4)

翻譯：積極參與地震預(yù)報(bào)研究的國(guó)家包括日本。。。。

分析：該句考點(diǎn)，詞組be involved in sth參與。。。；或be actively involved in sth積極地參與。。。如：All the countries in the world should be actively involved in protecting the environment.

5. These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake. (P4)

翻譯：這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)一直處于戒備狀態(tài)，搜索著警告的跡象，這些跡象顯示出在地震前可能發(fā)生巖層松動(dòng)狀況。

分析：這句話的主干是These networks are on the alert for warning signs，它后面是兩個(gè)套在一起的定語(yǔ)從句，均是由that引導(dǎo)的，第一個(gè)修飾warning signs；第二個(gè)修飾the weakening of rock layers。詞組：on the alert: 警戒、防備著。。。如：

Passengers on buses should be on the alert against pick-pockets.

6. They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults. (P4)

翻譯：他們密切注意與斷層運(yùn)動(dòng)有關(guān)的水位和水溫的變化。

分析：詞組：watch for密切注意。。。；be associated with同。。。有關(guān)系。

7. Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability. (P6)

翻譯：人們都認(rèn)為不可能可靠地預(yù)報(bào)地震。

分析：that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，其中cannot be 不可能，表示推測(cè)語(yǔ)氣；with any reliability帶有任何可能性。

8. While this is a small start, it is still a beginning. (p6)

翻譯：盡管這是一個(gè)小的開(kāi)端，但畢竟只是處于初始階段。

分析：本句中的while意思是“盡管，雖然”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。請(qǐng)看下面的句子，區(qū)分while含義：

1). While I was walking along the street, I met an E.T.

2). I like watching TV while my husband likes playing chess in the spare time.

3). While he has tries several times, he still fails again.

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Grammar: 倒裝句

英語(yǔ)中主語(yǔ)在前,謂語(yǔ)在后的語(yǔ)序稱(chēng)為自然語(yǔ)序。

由于語(yǔ)法、修辭的需要謂語(yǔ)置于主語(yǔ)之前，稱(chēng)為全部倒裝；助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等移到主語(yǔ)之前而主要?jiǎng)釉~仍然在主語(yǔ)之后的，稱(chēng)作半倒裝. 全部倒裝和半倒裝的句子統(tǒng)稱(chēng)倒裝句。

倒裝句之全部倒裝

全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和　一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：

1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。
 
There goes the bell.

Then came the chairman.

Here is your letter.

2) 表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。

In the front of the classroom stands our English teacher.

Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞則不能完全倒裝。

Here he comes.　Away they went.

倒裝句之部分倒裝

部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。

1)句首為否定或半否定的詞語(yǔ)，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。

Never have I seen such a performance.

Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。

注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。

I have never seen such a performance.

The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.

典型例題　　

1)　Why can't I smoke here? 　　At no time___ in the meeting-room

A. is smoking permitted　　  B.　smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted　  D.　does smoking permit

答案A. 這是一個(gè)倒裝問(wèn)題。當(dāng)否定詞語(yǔ)置于句首以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 這些否定詞包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本題的正常語(yǔ)序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.

2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

A. man did know　 B. man know　 C. didn't man know　 D. did man know

答案D.　 看到Not until…的句型，我們知道為一倒裝句，答案在C，D 中選一個(gè)。

改寫(xiě)為正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)?，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 現(xiàn)在將not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否則意思就變了。

以否定詞開(kāi)頭作部分倒裝

如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than

1). Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
2). Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
3). No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.

so, neither, nor作部分倒裝

表示'也'、'也不' 的句子要部分倒裝?！?BR>　　　
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.

If you won't go, neither will I.

典型例題

  ---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?

　---I don't know, _____.

　A. nor don't I care　　B. nor do I care　　C. I don't care neither　　D. I don't care also

答案：B. nor為增補(bǔ)意思'也不關(guān)心'，因此句子應(yīng)倒裝。A錯(cuò)在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不對(duì)且缺乏連詞。 D缺乏連詞。
 
注意： 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為'的確如此'。

　 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
　 ---It's raining hard.　　　---So it is.

only在句首要倒裝的情況

Only in this way can you learn English well.

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.

如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝

Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.

as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句

as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前 （形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。
注意： 1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。 2) 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),　 隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意: 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，有though，although時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。

其他部分倒裝

1)so… that 句型中的so 位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：

May you all be happy.

3)在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分倒裝。

Were I you, I would try it again.

典型例題

1）Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is　　
 
A. man did know　 B. man knew　 C. didn't man know　 D. did man know

答案為D.　否定詞Not在句首，要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。

2）Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.　

A. didn't I realize　　B. did I realize　　C. I didn't realize　D. I realize
　答案為B。

3)Do you know Tom bought a new car? 　I don't know, ___.

　A. nor don't I care　 B. nor do I care　C. I don't care neither　D. I don't care also

　解析：答案為B.　句中的nor引出部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表示'也不'。由 so, neither, nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句，表示前一情況的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。

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